🏛️ UPSC Prelims Prep
🌿 Environment & Ecologymedium06 May 2026

With reference to biodiversity conservation frameworks in India, consider the following statements:

  1. 1Under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, State Biodiversity Boards may notify areas of biodiversity importance as "Biodiversity Heritage Sites" (BHS); sacred groves could be notified under this provision, but most remain unprotected due to insufficient uptake.
  2. 2India's National Biodiversity Action Plan explicitly recognises Community Conserved Areas (CCAs), including sacred groves, as important elements of in-situ conservation outside the formal Protected Area network.
  3. 3The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognises the role of indigenous and community conserved areas in achieving global biodiversity targets, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF, 2022) includes a target to protect 30% of land and seas by 2030 ("30×30").
  4. 4The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (as amended in 2002) introduced Community Reserves as a category managed jointly by the government and local communities, specifically designed to protect sacred groves and traditional community lands.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A1 and 3 only
B2 and 4 only
C1, 2 and 3 only
D1, 2, 3 and 4

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